Regulations of Prescription Drug Advertising - 1857 Words

Regulations of Prescription Drug Advertising This particular morning, Sheri*, a Northeastern senior, is able to get out of bed. With difficulty, she pushes past the chronic pain in her back and shoulder muscles and manages to get dressed. The clothes she wears are not the trendy, youthful clothes of a normal 22-year-old girl in college, but instead a baggy grey sweat suit that hides the nearly 20-pound weight gain she is still trying to work off. She covers her face in makeup to conceal the painful acne that has flared up once again. The advertisement for Depo-Provera, a contraceptive vaccination, sounded appealing to Sheri, as she had trouble remembering to take her current form of birth control. â€Å"It said that I would not have†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have no doubt that such a study would show that only a small percent of people call the 800 number or log onto the website, which would imply that the information is not getting to customers. Then the FDA would have to confront the fact that they are settling for considerably less information being distributed, and that is probably not a good thing.† Pharmaceutical companies and proponents of DTC advertising of prescription drugs argue that they create a more informed consumer, alerting them of possible ailments and new drugs. The FDA claimed in its July/August 2004 issue that truthful DTC advertising encourages patients to talk more about health problems, removes the stigma surrounding certain diseases, and even reminds patients to take their medication when they see advertisements. However, some politicians argue that the current system of regulation is inadequate. Congressman Tom Allen of Maine initiated a bill to the House of Representatives on May 23, 2002 entitled the â€Å"Accuracy in Pharmaceutical Advertisements Act.† In it, he advocates that violators of the FDA’s regulations concerning DTC advertising of prescription drugs should be subject to civil penalties. Under current statues, violators receive a letter from the FDA, either a Notice of Violation or ‘untitled’ letter or a warning letter. While the ‘warning’ letters are reserved for more serious violations, both request corrective action. Then the pharmaceutical company is given a period ofShow MoreRelatedThe Social Media Consumers Health Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesfast development over the last decade has been changing prescription drugs advertising because most pharmaceutical companies are aware that many American consumers are regularly using social m edia platforms. For example, according to Kees et al. â€Å"Barely or Fairly Balancing Drug Risks? Content and Format Effects in Direct-To-Consumer Online Prescription Drug Promotions† 37% of Americans searched the internet for information on prescription drugs on 2006 (687). Later, according to Liang et al. PrevalenceRead MoreRegulatory Changes in Direct-To-Consumer Marketing of Pharmaceuticals1399 Words   |  6 Pagesin the past decade. The American public views prescription drug advertising for a wide range of medical conditions, including high cholesterol, depression, allergies, and erectile dysfunction. The Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the content of these advertisements. Critics also have taken the position that the advertisements garner unearned trust from the public, are misleading, and promote unnecessary use of prescription drugs for common problems associated with aging. ProponentsRead MoreDeontological Ethical Analysis of Direct-to-Co nsumer Pharmaceutical Marketing1357 Words   |  6 Pagesheated debate with logical arguments from those for, and for those against allowing such practices to exist. I do not believe the marketing of the prescription medication to be solely unethical but more of as a shade of grey in-between ethical and unethical moral standards dependent upon the actions of the individual pharmaceutical companies. Advertising to the general public can be ethical if the medication truly benefits those in society because of the ability to disseminate information quicklyRead MorePrescription Drugs And The United States And New Zealand1719 Words   |  7 Pages Prescription for Danger Lorraine Yahne ENG 122 Composition II Instructor MacDonald September 15, 2014 â€Æ' Direct to Consumer Advertising There are only two countries that allow advertising of prescription drugs to consumers; the United States and New Zealand. Direct to consumer advertising (DTCA) is what they call the prescription drugs advertisements that are made specifically for the consumer. Pharmaceutical companies survival depends upon a gullible public buying what they are sellingRead MoreDirect Consumer Pharmaceutical Advertising ( Dtcpa )1312 Words   |  6 PagesDirect-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising (DTCPA), defined as â€Å"an effort (usually via popular media) made by a pharmaceutical company to promote ... prescription products directly to patients,† is a common practice and an important issue that impacts the health of U.S. citizens, the prices of prescription drugs and health care, and doctor-patient relationships (Ventola). This paper will discuss the historical and political lens of DTCPA: how and why changes to DTCPA were made in the past, howRead MoreThe Ethical Appropriateness Of D irect Consumer Advertising Of Drugs Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesWhat facts would you want to know before making a judgement on the ethical appropriateness of direct consumer advertising of drugs? I believe in the case where pharmaceutical companies are advertising with television commercials or paid advertisements within magazines are well within moral and good ethical standards. Consumers can choose to remain on the same television channel or read an advertisement within a magazine to become more educated about a specific pharmaceutical. However, in the caseRead MoreConsumer Advertising And The Promotion Of Information Essay894 Words   |  4 Pages Canada draws a distinction between direct-to-consumer advertising and the promotion of information through direct-to-consumer information (DTCI). DTCI aims to build consumer confidence that the information being relayed is informative and factual rather than for the purpose of promotional advertisement (Bà ©lisle-Pipon 259). It allows for the promotion of help-seeking and reminder advertisements but not product claim advertisements, in contrast to its permissible use in the United States. ReminderRead MoreReduction of Malpracti ce in Pharmaceutical Advertising1684 Words   |  7 PagesReduction of Malpractice One of the key manners in which direct-to-physician advertising of pharmaceuticals can lead to health promotion is in the reduction of malpractice on the part of physicians when it comes to the administering of pharmaceuticals. It is of course the primarily (and ultimately, solely) the physicians responsibility to ensure the proper and effective use of pharmaceutical products, just as it is their responsibility to ensure that all care practices and interventions are inRead MoreAdvertising Prescription Drugs And The United States1021 Words   |  5 PagesTV in America you are aware of â€Å"direct-to consumer (DTC) advertising for prescription drugs. These are ads provided by drug companies in the intent to educate the general public on the benefits of their product. They often feature celebrities or catchy cartoons with very healthy satisfied patients. This type of advertising of prescription drugs is unique to the United States. It was one of only two countries that allows DTC advertising. New Zealand is the only other developed nation that doesRead MoreWhat Is Prozac, Celexa?878 Words   |  4 Pageschildren; adults, age 20 to 59 years of age, are mainly prescribed antidepressants (Carr, Rabkin, and Skinner 32). The drugs often prescribed with this diagnosis are: Prozac, Celexa and several others; each of these comes with severe side effects. The side effects include suicidal thoughts, sexual dysfunction and headaches; generally these medications are a lifetime prescription (Carr, Rabkin, and Skinner 32). Despite the fact regular exercise and talk therapy with various forms of meditation are

The Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain Essay

The Effect of Industrial Revolution on Britain An industrial revolution is the term generally applied to the complex of economic changes which are involved in the transformation of a pre-industrial, traditional type of economy, characterized by low productivity and normally stagnant growth rates, to a modern industrialized stage of economic development, in which output per head and standards of living are relatively high, and economic growth is normally sustained. CIPOLLA, C.M. (1975). This essay will critically examine a number of reasons for the take off of the industrial revolution in Britain. It will critically explain a number of social changes which took place within Britain due†¦show more content†¦Crop rotation is the arrangement whereby the successive development of different crops in a specified order on the same fields is employed instead of the one-crop technique or a shoddy style. Micropedia Britannica. This pointed to the usefulness of selecting rotation crops. Therefore the system proved to be a success and was continue, though agricultural development was a slow process that took shape over a long time period and was the result of a number of smaller changes such asà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ More sophisticated irrigation, better tools made from iron, improved ploughs, the breeding of more productive varieties of crops, better crop rotation and the circulation of new crops from the 16th Century onwards. (PONTING, C. 2001:638) The agricultural revolution had also weakened the old feudal bonds that had been he core necessity of the structure for so long, and had required the cooperation of the peasantry by providing them with both support and protection. New ideas were surfacing and the masses were no longer needed. Increased Production its Consequences With the inventions of new machinery came increased productivity inasmuch that these new appliances considerably speeded up the process from sowing toShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Industrial Revolution Britain. The Industrial1599 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of the Industrial Revolution Britain The Industrial revolution began in the mid-1700 s in parts of Eastern England and Southern Scotland and probably would not have taken place without the dramatic enhancements in farming that began in the early 1700 s. The agricultural revolution started well before the Industrial Revolution but once mechanisation began the two revolutions became interlinked and worked hand in hand. As the historian, J.H. Clapham quantified, â€Å"even if the history of theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution of Great Britain1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution of Great Britain The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a tremendous effect on the social economic and cultural conditions starting in the Great Britain, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Reasons The Industrial Revolution, one of the most vital periods of change in Great Britain, occurredRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Industrial Revolution1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was an extremely significant revolution due to the monumental change into mass production. There were many different causes and outcomes of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution impacted people and industries all around the world, prompting changes in many societies. For example, the Industrial Revolution initiated in Britain, but eventually found its way to America. After this, it impacted many other countries who desired the sameRead MoreSlave Trade the Industrial Revolution900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic slave trade was a key driving force to the industrial revolution in Britain Britain experienced a huge industrial development from 1750 onwards. This development led to Britain being one of the wealthiest countries in the world. The changes and development happened at the same period of time that the slave trade was at its peak and Britain was one of the countries most heavily involved. Britain also played the biggest role in the trade out of any other European country. Is this merelyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesCivilization is the Industrial Revolution in Britain. The Industrial Revolution was what created the modern capitalist system. Britain was the first to lead the way in this huge transformation. Technology changed, businesses, manufactured goods, and wage laborers skyrocketed. There was not only an economic transformation, but also a social transformation. The Industrial Revolution is such an interesting subject to further explore, because it truly made a difference in Britain in the late 1700sRead MoreThe Indust rial Revolution And The Enlightenment Of The 18th Century1012 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the 16th and 17th centuries, much of Europe began to embrace progress. This new worldview led to the Industrial Revolution, a period beginning in the late 18th century and lasting through the 19th century in which England experienced economic expansion and a burst of new, major inventions that earned England great industrial power. However, this transformation did not come without issues. The problems of the Industrial Revolution, including horrificRead MoreEssay about Great Britain and the Industrial Revolution830 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Britain and the Industrial Revolution Why did Great Britain lead the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century changed Europe forever. At the front of this change was Great Britain, which used some natural advantages and tremendous thinking and innovation to become the leader of the Industrial Revolution. First, Britain had some tremendous natural attributes. It was naturally endowed with many deposits of coal and iron ore, which were used heavily inRead MoreBackground Of Industrial Evolution Of The Industrial Revolution1469 Words   |  6 PagesBackground of industrial evolution in Britain From 1760s to 1840s, a great revolution, called as the Industrial Revolution later by historians, happened firstly in England and soon after whole European continent (Landes, 1969). Later in 19th century, the revolution also influenced North America. Machines’ flourish in inventions and applications is treated as one symbol of this period, thus, it is called â€Å"the Age of Machines† by some historians as well. In the mid-1700s, Hargreaves invented SpinningRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Europe1217 Words   |  5 PagesInfrastructure, and the economic climate allowed Great Britain to seek new job opportunities and exploit new business ideas. In addition, literacy, public education and the middle class was rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolutio n changed the way materials are transported, how products

Respect for Tradition Free Essays

Respect for tradition Cultural differences In order to respect the tradition of India, Union Carbide should have done an investigation of Indian cultural values (Robertson and Fadil, 1998). It is possible that firms even within the same industry develop different values and traditions and the analysis of cultural differences permit to decrease the number of misunderstanding (Donaldson, 1989). One of the most important traits of Indian culture is the fatalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Respect for Tradition or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Indian population is very spiritual with the notions of karma, fate or destiny. According to them, everything happen for a reason and this way of thinking is significant in decision making in their personal life or within an organisation (Elder, 1966). Fatalism has an impact on two Hofstede’s dimensions. Power distance is defined as a degree of inequality among people of the community (Thomas, 2008). Hofstede (2009) found that India is a country with a high power distance which means that they accept unequal power and wealth. Indians think that people on the top were destined to be on the top so they accepted their decisions due to the fatalism philosophy. However, the power distance in United States is relatively low (Hofstede, 2009). Uncertainty avoidance represents the extent to which people are frustrated by unstructured and unpredictable situations (Thomas, 2008). India has low uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 2009). In fact, they prefer few rules as possible and less structures activities. In addition, they are not scared of the unknown and want to take risks. Fatalism emphasises the belief that people do not have the control of every situations (Elder, 1966). United States is also low in uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 2009). According to Hofstede research, both India and the U. S are masculine which means that the society accepts values like assertiveness, performance, success and competition (Thomas, 2008). Individualism/ collectivism is defined as the degree to which people in a country prefer to act as individuals rather than members of groups (Thomas, 2008). India tends to be collectivist while United States are highly individualistic (Hofstede, 2009). After analysing Hofstede cultural dimensions between India and U. S, it is worth noting that there exist differences between the two countries. Union Carbide would have examined the Indian cultural values before doing business in the country. This could have avoided the Bhopal’s disastrous. According to Donaldson, it is important for communities to self-define the aspect of their business morality and in this case, Union Carbide would have been aware and accepted it in order to respect the Indian tradition. This is called the moral free space. Usually, business communities develop ethical norms which represent a collective viewpoint concerning deals and the right behaviour to adopt when making them (Donaldson, 1999). The respect of tradition could be in contrast with core human values Donaldson considers that companies have to respect traditions of country where they work; nevertheless, sometimes these traditions could be in contrast with the core human values. As already mentioned, India is a country with high power distance. For example, in Bhopal, the municipal authorities were against the continued use of the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant at its original location (Shrivastava, 1987). The plant site was for commercial or light industrial use but not for hazardous industries. However, as UCIL was a powerful company in India, the central and state government authorities rejected the city’s objection and authorised the company to stay at its location (Bennett et al. 2005). Everybody accepted it and this decision was final. Even if the hierarchical system is accepted in India, Union Carbide could not have respected this tradition because it is in contradiction with the respect of individual’s basic rights. The government did not protect the individual’s rights because the plant was about two miles from the Bhopal railway station, local commercial activities and two slum colonies were located across the street from the Union Carbide plant (Shrivastava, 1987). So, in order to support and protect the Indian’s right, Union Carbide could not have respected this tradition. Uncertainty avoidance is relatively low in India and it is worth explaining its consequences on the Bhopal plant. The working environment of the plant tolerated negligence and a lack of safety consciousness among workers and managers (Shrivastava, 1987). This behaviour is not only in contrast with the respect of human dignity concept but also with the individual basic rights. In fact, the employees’ low morale jeopardised the population’s health and safety. How to cite Respect for Tradition, Papers

Visionary Leadership in Business

Question: Discuss about the Visionary Leadership in Business. Answer: Introduction Leadership can be defined as the art of motivating people to do something they have never done or to go where they have never gone. Leadership can also be defined as the art of influencing people to do something you want to be done because the people you are influencing are willing and able to do it. Leadership can also be defined as influence on a person to do what the person does not want to do. It is like a power over a person because the person has some trust in the leader and will follow what the leader says because he or she believes that the leader has the right option in mind for him or her(Almog-Bareket, 2012). Leadership is an art because it is mostly inborn but it is during life experiences that a leader is forged to be the leader that he or she is. Leadership is different from management because in leadership the person makes his own decision and defines how the thing is to be done in management, however, the person has a set of rules in which he or she has to follow in o rder to make the work be done. Leadership is also an art because it is a growing part of the leader, as the person continues leading others he or she gets different lessons and different views on how to tackle the problem in different ways. In this paper, leadership is described in a wider prospective including the how their work shapes the way the leader will influence the people he or she is leading in Australia(Blakeley, 2015). It will also analyze, compare and contrast the ways in which each leader is constructed as a leader by the accounts in their jobs, how leaders describe their conceptualization of leadership and how each leader conceptualizes success through their leadership. It will also evaluate how each leaders practice of leadership impacts the success of their organization. Biographs of chief executive officers in Australia In the discussion below, three renowned chief executive officers have been used to try and relate how their different accounts have made them the leaders they are in their different work perspectives. These three are Samantha Mostyn, Khoa Do and Waleed Ally. Samantha Mostyn Samantha Mostyn has been a leader in most sectors in Australia and is a perfect example of a leader as she has had many experiences in different jobs she has handled as the dead of the departments. Mrs. Mostyn is currently the president of the Australian Council for International Development (ACFID), she has held other positions such as Chief of the Defense Forces Womens Advisory Group, she was the first woman to be appointed AFL commission, she has also been the Deputy Chairlady of the Diversity council of Australia above many other positions she has held in Australia. Khao Do Mr. Do is another leader in Australia and is a famous producer, screenwriter and also a film director. He has been nominated for the AFI Awards and also in the Academy Award. He is a community and a youth leader and worker. Mr. Do has now been appointed to the Audit and Finance Committee of the board Australian Directors Guild Award after he won the Best Direction in a Television Miniseries. Mr. Do has also had his share of leadership skills in his line of duty which is opposite from that of Mrs. Mostyn and Mr. Ally. Walles Ally Mr. Ally is also a very good leader in the Australian Council board. He has held different leadership positions such as, being the Ambassador for Possible Dreams International a practicing musician, this is an international company that deals with bringing up and mentoring good talent in the music industry in Australia. He is an award-winning broadcaster, author, academic and lecturer in politics at Monash University. Mr. Ally has also made his achievement in the different sectors that he has held the leadership positions and has different aspects he has learned over the years of service in the different institutions. Therefore, from the three examples of the leaders in the different sectors of the job industry, we learn that leadership is a vast act that is seen in every person but the path that the leaders take is the path that shapes their leadership skills to the outside world. I decided to take the biography of the Chief Executive Officers in Australia because they give a clear overcast of most of the challenges faced by leaders and the perspective that leaders show in their line of duty and how they use the challenges faced to bring out better leadership skills to those who follow them. How are the leaders constructed by their accounts? Samantha Mostyn is regarded as one of the true leaders of the century because of her constant sustainability in whatever she did, Samantha always had one focus in mind and that is to keep the mirror up and be rigorous in each and every aspect she did. In her careers a leader, Samantha has learned to become patient and take every person as the person is, she indicates that every person is a single being and you cannot try to put two different people to be one and the same(Watkins, Christensen, Kraemer, 2015). However, Samantha also says that her leadership career has taught her that it is the difference in people that make the team strong. She portrays a picture that as you cannot make two people to be the same. One can use the different abilities of the different people to bring out a strong bond than the people themselves Samantha says that she like leading the group and not the people, because people can have their own agendas but the group has a common agenda that all the people must adhere to(Tajudin, Aziz, Abdullah, Mahmood, 2016). Therefore, from Samanthas views of how the different accounts of leadership in the organizations she has held, she has learned to take people as they are and only to try and change their perspective of thinking and not change the person as a whole. Kehoe Do is known as the Great teacher in Australia, because he has done wonderful things that most did not expect a lecturer to do. Mr. Do has become a figure of hope and willfulness to the youth, especially in the Marlborough campus that he lectures. In his career as a leader both in class and on the stage as a film director, Mr. Do has learned to be patient with people and to be observant of the surrounding. Mr. Do indicates that at the time it is hard to be a leader because not every person will appreciate you. However, if one is calm and patient, the result just favors the right cause(Carson, 2001). This, he says he learned from the theater where most people will want to grasp something and move on with it quickly. Mr. Do also says that it is that patience that he learned from observing his surroundings that made him be successful because he would learn from other peoples mistakes and try not to make the mistake himself. He shows the student he teaches and the people he leads th at it is better to wait and learn to do something that to rush into something that may cost you more than if you were patient(Chang, 2015). Mr. Waleed Ally is also a good leader and his perspective of leadership is very interesting, in his aspect of leadership, Mr. Ally indicates that the best way to grow as a leader is to be the risk taker, he encourages people to take the first opportunity that comes their way but should be keen on what one is taking up that it does not bite him or her in the back at a later time. Mr. Ally says that during his career as a leader in the different sector, it is taking the first step before others that has made him successful in life(Almog-Bareket, 2012). He trusts his instincts to do something but before he follows his instincts, he scrutinizes the opportunities that he will get and then jumps into it then tries to modify his failure while in it. How the leaders view their leadership? Mrs. Samantha in most of her speeches indicates that leadership is not all about knowing it all, it is about knowing when one is beaten and knowing when to continue fighting. She indicates that leadership is about knowing when to go forward and with whom to go with(Cordery Sinclair, 2013). This shows that in Mrs. Mostyns views of her leadership, leadership is all about precision and accuracy. It is all about caring for those whom you lead before your own selfish needs and that leadership is all about service and not being served(Syed, Bandara, French, 2016). Mr. DOs concepts of leadership from his perspective is that leadership is not about show off and doing things that will oppress the next person. He indicates that leadership is all about knowing what the next person needs and when he needs it(Csikszentmihalyi, 2004). He gives an example of being there to guide the next person in times of need and also being ready to criticize the wrong doing of the person next to you, because as leadership is not all about being confined in a small are but being able to maneuver and touch the life of everyone who is with you or against you(Cordery Sinclair, 2013). Leadership according to Mr. Ally is about leadership is that leadership is brotherhood. He indicates that despite the fact that people may carry the leader in high regards, it is the respect given by the leader to those he is leading that will give him the power and authority over them(Simha, Armstrong, Albert, 2012). He conceptualizes that his leadership is not about being above the others but being in between them and also inside them by using the ideas he creates to make the people he leads better than he first met them(Doz Kosonen, 2010). He shows that leadership is all about making the other person better so that the person can also return the favor one day. How each leader views success in their leadership? Success is a continuous process and attaining it would just be the beginning of another journey for a leader were the words that were put forward by Mrs. Mostyn. Mrs. Mostyn believes that as a leaders success is when you lead someone to do something you want to be done by the person and he or she does the work willingly and to the best of their ability(Dunne, Aaron, Geho, 2016). If one is leading a team to create a certain product and all the members of the group come together to do the work and they do it perfectly, then that is success according to Mrs. Mostyn. This belief in Mrs. Mostyn has helped her a great deal in leading the many organizations that she has led because each and every time she goes to a new organization with the mentally of going to learn about the organization them from what she has learned she can be able to drive the organization towards the set goals(Gardner Laskin, 2011). Success to Mr. Do is achieving his goal, no matter the time he will take to do it. Mr. Do believes in absolute perfection in everything he does and he also knows that perfection is unattainable(Dunne, Aaron, Geho, 2016). So the more times one tries to be better than the previous time and he or she does it then that is success. So to him being successful is driving people to do that which they saw as impossible to their level best and even more than they would have done on their own(Cavico Mujtaba, 2004). To Mr. Ally success in leadership is creating the bond between people and influencing the people to live in peace and harmony. He says that leadership is not confined to a certain post but to the whole world, so if a leader impacts positively in a persons life then the leader is successful, because leadership is all about earning the people's trust and enabling the people to trust each other so that they can impact positively on each others lives(Duska, 2007). Mr. Ally also shows that in leadership of an organization or a confined place, success is doing the work at hand to ones level best despite the challenges. He says that it is more enjoyable to get something right after failing most times because the person who fails knows the number of times the work will go wrong if he gives the wrong opinion(Harper, 2016). He says that once a leader has reached the level of accepting disappointment and converting it into a tool that will make him do the something in a better way instead of giving up, then that is success in leadership(Simha, Armstrong, Albert, 2012). Comparison The three leaders, Mrs. Mostyn, Mr. Do and Mr. Ally are very similar in thinking and it is hard to contrast their ideas. This is accrued to the fact that they are all leaders in their different perspectives. They all have the interest of the people they in before their own. The comparison I ca make from all of them is that in their thinking as leaders, they need to first scrutinize and evaluate their options before they can go forward with a given task. This is because they know that the final outcome is as a result of their ideas because the people they lead to trust and follow what they say because they believe it is the right option(Rhode, 2006). They are all accountable for their action and that is the reason they need to scrutinize their options. They are able to use their failures to their advantage and that is what accomplishes them as leaders. Leaders are also solution gives, in all the three leaders it is evident that the leaders try to solve a problem that is affecting the people in the surrounding, that is why they would love if people worked together to achieve a certain goal and also help each other in times of chaos in order to bring peace(Kundu, 2016). Contrast The contrasting factor in these leaders according to how they view leadership and success is the fact that they all use different techniques in their leadership. Some are observant and patient such a s Mr. Do, others are risk takers and will never give up on anything they do such as Mr. Ally and some will always believe in others to the same work together in order to achieve the same goal such as Mrs. Mostyn. The reason behind this contrasting factor that leaders are original thinkers, they are innovative and that is why leaders use different aspects or techniques to arrive at the same solution. Evaluation Mrs. Mostyns leadership skills have helped all the organizations that she has worked grow to be multi-corporation companies. She has also helped build powerful leaders in the organizations who are now bringing others(Mendenhall Osland, 2012). This has impacted heavily on the human resource management of most of the companies and the people whom she has led. She is an icon of leadership in Australia at large. Mr. Do, on the other hand, has taught students in the Marlborough university that life is all about seizing the opportunity that comes your way and using it to build others in ones circle in order to make a better community to live in. Mr. Do has shown many people that supporting others to grow in a certain aspect also improves the life of the person who has helped them(Northouse, 2015). In Mr. Allys perspective of leadership, he has had a great impact on the community using his films and leadership skills also. Mr. Ally has shown the people that he leads that the best way to live is in peace and in harmony. He has shown that it is through harmony that people become prosperous and also that people have to take risks if they feel what they do is going to be a benefit to them and those around them. Organizational issues Currently, Mrs. Mostyn is currently trying to control the cultural diversity that is taking place in Australia. The culture of the Australians is fading away and she is trying to find a solution to what she can do so that the culture can be upheld even in the digital world(Christensen Lgreid, 2013). Samantha is facing difficulties because most of the companies are trying to sell their digital ideas to the general public without looking into the impact that the ideas will cause to the public in future(Doz Kosonen, 2010). From research in the past five years, the best advice to give her is that the best way to tackle a problem that is proving tricky is to tackle it from the top. She should try and advise the leaders in the company to regulate the selling of their ideas or rather the leaders should try to incorporate the Australian culture in the ideas so that they can merge the old and the new to come up with a better solution for both of the sides(Heath, Singh, Ganesh). Conclusion The analysis of leadership as discussed in this paper indicates that leaders are independent thinkers, risk takers and they have the ability to influence others to do thing for the benefit of the community at large. The analysis has feature three different leaders in three different sectors in their jobs. These leaders have shown tremendous improvement are termed as the great leaders of 2015. From the analysis of these leaders, a conclusion that a leader is a person who influences others to do something that they are willing and that they are not afraid that they will fail if they try. These leaders have proven to be a contributing factor not only to the organizations in which they work in but also to the community at large. Recommendation Leaders can learn a lot from research and theories from other leaders who have been through the same problem that they are going through at the time. Learning from other peoples mistakes can be a very good way to lead. This is evident from Mr. Do who say that as a leader patience is the key to better leadership. Therefore, leaders have to be ready to be criticized and to learn from other people because not all the time will one be right. References Almog-Bareket, G. (2012). Visionary leadership in business schools: an institutional framework. Journal of management development., 31(4), 431-440. Blakeley, K. (2015). Inspiring responsible leadership in business schools: Can a spiritual approach help. Leadership development: Questions business schools dont ask,. Carson, L. (2001). Innovative consultation processes and the changing role of activism [Material first presented at the Australian and New Zealand Third Sector Research Ltd. Conference (2000: University of Western Sydney)]. Third Sector Review,. Cavico, J. F., Mujtaba, G. B. (2004). Business ethics: Transcending requirements through moral leadership. Pearson Learning Solutions. Chang, Z. T. (2015). Management Leadership Behavior and Market Orientation: The Relationship and Their Effects on Organization Effectiveness and Business Performance. In Marketing, Technology and Customer Commitment in the New Economy. Springer International Pub. Christensen, T., Lgreid, P. (2013). The wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ government approach to public sector reform. Public Administration Review (Vol. 67). Cordery, C., Sinclair, R. (2013). Measuring performance in the third sector. Qualitative Research in Accounting Management,. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2004). Good business: Leadership, flow, and the making of meaning. Penguin. Doz, L. Y., Kosonen, M. (2010). Embedding strategic agility: A leadership agenda for accelerating business model renewal. Long range planning,. Dunne, C. T., Aaron, Geho, R. P. (2016). The impact of leadership on small business innovativeness. Journal of Business Research. Duska, R. F. (2007). Education, Leadership and Business Ethics: Essays on the Work of Clarence Walton. Springer Science Business Media. Gardner, H., Laskin, E. (2011). Leading minds: An anatomy of leadership. Basic Books. Hargis, B. M., Watt, D. J., Piotrowski, C. (2011). Developing leaders: Examining the role of transactional and transformational leadership across business contexts. Organization Development Journal,. 29(3), 51. Harper, J. (2016). Australia Webinar: Inclusive Leadership: A Business Imperative. Catalyst. Heath, D., Singh, R., Ganesh, J. (n.d.). Building Thought Leadership Through Business-to-Business Social Media Engagement at Infosys. MIS Quarterly Executive. Kumar, J., Au, I., Stewar, M., Lefelt, T., Dill. (2016). Design Leadership for Business Innovation. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM. Kundu, D. (2016). Emotional intelligence and leadership in business an empirical study. Mendenhall, E. M., Osland, J. (2012). Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Northouse, G. P. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. . Sage publications. Rhode, D. L. (2006). Introduction: Where is the leadership in moral leadership. Moral leadership. The theory and practice of power, judgment, and policy. Simha, A., Armstrong, P. J., Albert, J. F. (2012). Who leads and who lags? A comparison of cheating attitudes and behaviors among leadership and business students. Journal of Education for Business,, 87(6), 316-324. Simon, A., LaCava, G. (2014). Strategic thinking and leadership: Comparing business leaders and MBA students in Western Australia. Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics,, 1(1). Syed, R., Bandara, W., French, E. (2016). The status of research on leadership in business process management: A call for action. Tajudin, A., Aziz, R., Abdullah, H. M., Mahmood, R. (2016). The Effect of Leadership Styles on the Business Performance of SMEs in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies, 2(2), 45-52. Watkins, D. M., Christensen, C., Kraemer, L. K. (2015). Harvard Business Review Leadership Library: The Executive Collection (12 Books). Harvard Business Review Press.

Marriage by Gregory Corso Essay Example

Marriage by Gregory Corso Paper Pie Glue: The Sanctimonious Institution of Marriage Gregory Corsos poem Marriage is a lucid example of how John Clellon Holmes described the Beat Generation: a display of moral degeneration. The speaker of the poem is torn between submitting to the non-conformity of the Beats and conforming to societys strict views about marriage and social structure. The presence of conflicting thoughts- whether or not to get married and looking at the prospects of marriage from two different viewpoints, gives this satirical poem a lot of weight as a plea against the phony social construction that is marriage. The poem starts off with questions that are not, under usual circumstances asked by young eligible men. Yet these rhetorical questions seem to have the answers, sarcastic and satirical answers hidden in them. The speaker of the poem, a young man, ponders if he should â€Å"be good† (line 1). Being â€Å"good† is what everybody expects you to be, and the definition of this â€Å"good† that is talked about has nothing to do with morality. Rather, being good is just the action of conforming to society’s expectations of one’s actions and behavior. He contemplates what a date with him would be like. He would take the lady to a cemetery as opposed to the movies and talk about abominations such as werewolves and â€Å"forked clarinets†, which is probably a reference to the Devil’s forked tongue. And then, as any man would, he would â€Å"desire her and kiss her and all the preliminaries† (line 5) of foreplay. But as he would be about to advance further she, being a good girl, would stop him from going any further. He, being like any young man of age, would want sex. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage by Gregory Corso specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage by Gregory Corso specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage by Gregory Corso specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He would try to convince her, â€Å"You must feel! It’s beautiful to feel! †(line 7). He would try to coerce her with words, coerce her into giving in. He would eventually â€Å"be good† once more and refrain from having her. Instead, he would lay with her by a tombstone and look at the beauty of the starry sky. Once again, what he describes here is conventional romantic behavior that is expected by a young eligible gentleman. As hard as he tries, he seems to unintentionally spiral towards convention. He moves on in his imagination about what it would be like if things worked out fine and he and â€Å"the girl next door† (line 2) took their relationship to the next level: meeting the parents. In order to win their approval, he would certainly have to have his â€Å"back straightened, hair finally combed, strangled by a tie† (line 11). In this line and the lines that follow, the speaker of the poem is quite candid in his disapproval of the social norms and rituals of courtship and parental approval. He quite reluctantly sits â€Å"with his knees together† (line 12) and tries not to ask where the bathroom is in fear it would be a faux-pas. He asserts that it is just as hard for the other party, the parents to conform to this seemingly absurd social ritual. They have to sit across from a strange young man who would steal the innocence of their daughter â€Å"Mary Lou† (line 19). All this while, all that the speaker of the poem was thinking about was whether or not ask where the bath room is and occasionally entertaining himself with absurd and amusing thoughts such as â€Å"Flash Gordon soap† (line 15). Over â€Å"tea and homemade cookies† (line 20) they make small conversation to fill up the awkward silence. If the young man is deemed suitable, the parents happily give away their daughter to a young man who was a stranger not an hour ago. They ask what he does for a living, and he asks himself rhetorical questions: â€Å"Should I tell them? Would they like me then? † (line 21). He then ponders what the highly important, yet redundant wedding day would be like. The wedding is a big deal for the bride, so obviously a lot of her relatives and friends would be there. He, on the other hand would only have a few socially awkward friends to invite. And yet all these guests would be impatiently waiting â€Å"to get at the drinks and food† (line 28). The priest, probably from the bride’s church, knowing the bride’s innocence looks accusingly at the groom, thinking he had given in to carnal desires and turned to masturbation, an activity commonly regarded as sinful. And under all the pressure created by this social scenario, when the priest asks â€Å"Do you take this woman for your lawful wedded wife? (line 29) he hesitates and blurts out â€Å"Pie Glue† (line 30) which rhymes with the more commonly used term â€Å"I do†. Kirby Olson, in his book The Doubting Thomist, reads the poem as many others have read it: as Corsos outburst against hackneyed social rituals, but he also adds some interesting observations. He notes how Pie Glue rhymes with the more commonly used phrase I do and also claims that this apparent non-sense outburst is in fact a cry of fear, fear of being stuck with one woman (â€Å"hairy pie being a term used for a vagina) for the rest of his life. Once the inessential ceremonies of the wedding are over, all the young men would pat him on the back and offer their obscene congratulations and send the newlyweds off to a honeymoon to a cliched honeymoon spot where dozens of other newly bonded couples go â€Å"to do the same thing†(line 39) consummate their marriage. This is common knowledge, everyone does it, and everyone knows that: â€Å"The indifferent clerk†¦/ the lobby zombies†¦/ the whistling elevator man†¦/ the winking bellboy†¦/ everybody† (lines 40 – 43). Here the poet repetitively uses the words â€Å"The†¦knowing†, bringing emphasis that the actions of the honeymooners are common knowledge and almost taken for granted as a chore, a duty to be performed as opposed to a beautiful expression of love. The use of anaphora strengthens his point. At this point the speaker of the poem is frustrated by thinking about the hackneyed constraints of such a social bondage and convinces himself that he would not do the same things as the other honeymooner were doing; instead he would â€Å"Stay up all night! Stare that hotel clerk in the eye! / Screaming: I deny honeymoon! I deny honeymoon! / running rampant into those almost climactic suites/ yelling Radio belly! Cat shovel! † (lines 45-48). He would be the demon of marriage, the advocate of divorce, a stereotypical madman who would warn the newly weds of the traps they have fallen into and the impending misfortunes they are about to face. Even in being a loner, an iconoclast, the poet fails to describe something new, he fails in his efforts to describe a nonconformist to the idea of marriage and ends up describing just another common social icon: the pariah, the crazy man that people try to believe does not exist. In beginning of the 5th paragraph, the speaker of the poem tries to imagine what a blissful married life would be like, what it would be like to be loved, to â€Å"How nice itd be to come home to her/ and sit by the fireplace and she in the kitchen/ aproned young and lovely†(lines 53-55). He tries to imagine what it would be like to live a calm, quiet married life would be like. He ends up imagining a life where the most exciting part of his day would the wife burning the roast. The serene scene of quiet, peaceful family life lasts but only a few moments before he starts to think of the absurdities once more: â€Å"Christmas teeth! Radiant brains! Apple deaf! † (line 59). Sarcastic comments follow. He tells of how he would do all kinds of unusual things, say weird things to strangers who come to his house, how he would paste stamps on the fence. He also thinks of alternate scenes, different stereotypes of married life: a small house in snow-covered Connecticut, with a lot of babies or in tiny apartment in New York City. How would his life be then? All he could think of was how hackneyed, boring his life would be. He does however see himself in New York, living in a beautiful penthouse with a great view, with a beautiful, smart and sophisticated wife, but he didn’t believe he could be tied up and â€Å"married to that pleasant prison dream-† (line 102). What is it then that drives people to get married and live this grueling lifestyle we call marriage? The thoughts of love appear only towards the very end of the poem, he wonders whether he should get married, conform to the very institution that disgusts him so, and call it a sacrifice for his love; he wonders what he would do if marriage was the only option left for him to be with the one he loves. Although marriage is thought of as the ultimate commitment to love, the two have nothing in common. The speaker knows he would be willing to sacrifice some and conform to social norms only if he meets â€Å"the one† for him. In his book on Corso’s works Gregory Stephenson reads into the poem and realizes that the poet was, at the end of the poem, reminds the readers that marriage is in fact the ultimate act of physical and emotional attraction between two people, and not the phony religious bondage that it has become. The fact that all through the poem the speaker dismisses the very concept of marriage and yet claims he would willingly wait 2000 years for a loved one is proof of the poet’s belief of love and the cleft between love and marriage. The entire poem is in essence a hopeful, romantic love poem.

Anglos and Saxons Before England

Anglos and Saxons Before England Anglos and Saxons Before England Anglos and Saxons Before England By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the terms Anglos and Saxons: I have often heard the term Anglo-Saxon, but never just Anglos or Saxons. However, I learned that these are two separate people groups from different areas (of what I guess is Northern Europe). If what I learned is accurate, from what countries are the Anglos, and from what countries are the Saxons? I appreciate any help. Ive been trying to confirm this information since I was in college.   In the fifth century, when the Teutonic invasions of Britain began, the map of Europe did not conform to the way the countries are arranged there today. Picture northern Europe, starting at Denmark on the Jutland Peninsula and descending along the coast opposite England, down to Belgium. In the fifth century, these lands were inhabited by tribes known as Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Franks. All were Germanic in ethnicity and language. A mix of these tribes migrated to England in the fifth and sixth centuries C.E. The earliest historical reference to these invasions occurs in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731 C.E.) of the Venerable Bede. He refers only to the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes by name. The Celtic people who already lived in Britain called all the Germanic invaders â€Å"Saxons.† Latin writers came to refer to all the invaders as Angli and the country as Anglia. The Latin title of Bede’s history is Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. When the time came for the invaders to write in the vernacular, they all called the language they spoke Englisc (English). The name derives from the name for the Angles (Engle) but was used for all the dialects the invaders spoke. If you want to associate modern terms with these peoples, the Saxons, Franks, and Frisians were â€Å"German-Dutch.† The Angles were â€Å"southern Danish,† and the Jutes were â€Å"northern Danish.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Comma Before ButKn- Words in English

Describing some of the rhetorical choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describing some of the rhetorical choices - Essay Example In the McDonald’s ad, there are several rhetorical choices that are evident. One is the use of hyperbole as a means to exaggerate the obsession for McDonald’s fare among the NFL players and coaches, in the middle of games. The first person mentions the menu, and the obsession becomes a kind of backdrop rap melody that the other characters then rapped to. The words that were put into their mouths consisted of variations of the burger fare, and an emphasis on bacon. There is also an element of parody as a rhetorical choice for the ad, where the intense obsession with what the players and coaches are saying on court, via lip reading, is flipped on its head so that their utterances are not about the game but about McDonald’s burgers (Super Bowl 2014 Commercials; Broderick). The rhetorical situation in the Toyota Highlander ad, on the other hand, is essentially the same as for the McDonald’s as well as for the all of the commercials in the Super Bowl. That rhetorical situation consists of the ads trying to convey the product message to TV viewers and general Internet followers of the Super Bowl ads. In the Toyota ad it is clear that the overall goal seems to be to entertain and to associate the Camry with images of fun and the iconic Muppets characters. Juxtaposition is a key rhetorical choice for this ad. The juxtaposition consists of the side by side placement of a relatively conventional, middle-class African American man who lives in the suburbs and drives around in a Highlander on the one hand, and on the other hand the psychedelic gang of the musical Muppets, headed by the wild Animal. This is a very good rhetorical choice, given that the Toyota’s traditional image is one of being practical and reliable, if utilitarian and lacking in the fun aspect. On the other hand, the juxtaposition with spontaneity, adventure and fun as embodied by the Muppets and by the Animal

MCA Mouth Full Of Smoke Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MCA Mouth Full Of Smoke - Essay Example The piece has made use of process to confront deep, personal memories. He wanted to portray the history of paint in a very physical and materialistic process. Through the approach, the piece gives a big hint of painting history. So many artists have used oil paints over so many centuries. He also felt that oil painting artworks are a challenged medium in the modern times. Additionally, the artist used oil paint to bring out the physicality of the piece and to portray the human body. The artwork piece evoked a strong feeling of abstract expressionism since it transits from representational to unrecognizable abstractions. The unique process of painting that Otero used conspicuously brought out materiality. I could not clearly figure out the subject matter of the painting since it is totally abstract. It is full of different colors and lines that do not convey any clear image. However, what attracted me most to this painting is the contrasting colors that the artist has used in this composition. Bright colors such as yellow and white are used to create a contrast with dark colors consisting of black and other dull colors. The use of this technique evokes a feeling of conflicts such as a conflicting idea or a particular struggle. I could deduce that the author meant to portray the personal conflicts that individuals such as smokers sometimes encounter in the social sphere. Looking at the image, I also felt that it is absolutely a unique composition, which has used elements of art tactfully for a full composition. The author has employed elements such as depth, space, shape, line, and texture. Texture, for instance, stands out, as the image appears rough to the touch and this made me rethink the message Otero wishes to portray with this painting. The roughness perhaps is an indication of tough experiences. When I see a painting of such a texture, what comes to mind is

Music assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Music assignments - Assignment Example By rigid vocal orchestration it is meant the seconds and thirds are 3rd (Me i.e., 3rd note from the root note) and 5th (So i.e., 5th note from the root note) derivatives. Instead the vocal harmony is created by the creative blending of different note progressions altogether. This kind of vocal symphony is more predominant in instrumental presentations for example a violin line playing on the background while a main instrument or voice is reciting the main composition. This secular motet is in many ways different from the sacred chants that we have listened to in the past. It has a polyphonic texture and also a varying duple, triple meter. Rather it doesn’t strictly follow a particular meter just sticking to a metronome rather. It has complex harmony sections giving rise to minor 7ths and minor augmented chords. It is also rich in melody and has a shifting root note, which means that not one root chord or root note can be identified, that stays as the reference throughout the song. It is less structured and more melodic having complex phrases, grace notes and touch notes. It easily falls under the category of sacred choir music rather than periodic and rhythmic chanting. The timbre is also quite different through the synthesis of multiple voices forming the instrumental base and giving the composition a reverberating and continuously flowing tonal background. The composition also has chromatic note progressions and chromatic tonic change of chords. Berlioz’s Symphonie Fantastique is a Symphony Concerto involving the narration of a story musically through the drama and conversation of instruments created by different notes. Climax is brought out through the high pitched and rhythmic progressions of violins. The quick succession of notes or straight-through notes brings the effect of a drama and a peak of emotion. Smetana’s The Moldau on the other hand is a Symphonic Poem meant for

Financial Analysis of Sainsburys

Financial Analysis of Sainsburys The report is divided into four parts. Firstly, using ratios as a tool will help in analyzing and evaluating the financial performance of the Sainsbury obtained from the 2008 and 2009 annual report. To show the pattern of Sainsburys financial performance for the year 2007 to 2008 a trend analysis will be prepared. Also, developments in the supermarket industry will be analyzed and evaluated for the year 2008 and 2009. Moreover, a What If analysis of the probable financial performance of Sainsburys, had the downturn not occurred. Lastly, conclusion of the report will be discussed how Sainsburys handled the downturn situation to reduce the effect on its financial performance and disclose if the company was prepared. INTRODUCTION The Food retailing Industry is a huge and fast growing industry in UK .It is a complex and is a diverse market dominated by various corporate giants such as Tesco, ASDA, J Sainsburys. Price and quality of goods are the two key elements which the companies keep in mind to increase their sales and defend their position in this competitive market. In the year 2009, food retailing recorded sales figures of GBP 297,478.9 million, along with providing employment to 11.6% of the workforce in UK (Euro monitor, 2010). It is forecasted, by the year 2014 the sales would cross GBP 350,000 million (Euro monitor, 2010). This assignment focuses on the third largest food retailer store in UK, i.e. J Sainsbury. Sainsbury is a super market which will operates its business in retail sector from the year1869. Sainsbury is started by James and Mary Ann Sainsburys. Sainsbury today operates a total of 827 stores comprising 537 supermarkets and 335 convenience stores(J Sainsbury 2010) .With their presence in various other markets such as financial services and Property management, grocery retailing remains their core business. In an industry which employs over 3,335,000 people and with sales figure of GBP 137,590 million (Euro Monitor), Sainsbury enjoys a market share of 16% and serving 19 million customers weekly with a product offering of 30,000 ( J Sainsbury, 2010). QUESTION 1- An analysis and evaluation of the data available in the organizations annual reports. 30% SAINSBURYS RATIOS ANALYSIS According to Maclaney and Atrill (2002), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ratios provide an overview of the businesss financial condition. Similarly, Wood (2002) stated, Ratio analysis is a first step in assessing an entity. The effects of the downturn experienced by Sainsbury are demonstrated by the following ratios below. A three year trend analysis will focus on Sainsburys performance two years prior to the downturn and the two years during the downturn. PROFITABILITY RATIOS Maclaney and Atrill (2002, p. 197) stated, Profitability ratios provide an insight to the degree of success in achieving the purpose of the business. RATIOS 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % Gross Profit Margin 5.62 5.48 Net Profit Margin 1.84 1.52 2.9 ROCE(Return on Capital Employed) 7.10 9.46 10.21 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN This ratio tells us about how businesses control its production costs or manage its margins which are made from buying and selling of products. Gross margin is mainly quite stable (in percentage). Gross profit= [Gross Profit / Revenue] x 100 (expressed as a percentage) NET PROFIT MARGIN Net profit tells us about the profitability after all cost are included. It shows what percentage of turnover is repeated by net profit. Net Profit margin= Profit before interest and tax/ sales or turnover X 100 Net Profit Margin increased from 2.97% to 3.56% from 2008 to 2009 which is a 16% increase and by 0.53% over 2006 to 2009. The net profit margin shows how well Sainsburys control its overheads. These increases continue despite the economic slowdown showing their financial power. Because strategic plans were properly planned and executed and sales volume increased without increasing costs. RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED ROCE is sometimes referred to as the primary ratio; it tells us what returns management has made on the resources made available to them before making any distribution of those returns. ROCE=Net profit before tax, interest and dividends (EBIT) / total assets (or total assets less current liabilities An investor might compare the return on capital employed with the possible return if the money was invested elsewhere. ROCE from 2009-2010 increased from 9.46% to 10.21% mainly because of profit achieved from disposal which is used to finance overall operations. From 2008 to 2009, ROCE decreased by 2.36% because of oil related costs and increased business rates. Therefore, Sainsburys have to plan out some measures to get more profit from the business to attract investors. LIQUIDITY RATIOS ANALYSIS According to Robinson et. al (2009, p.795) liquidity ratios are Financial ratios measuring the companys ability to meet short-term obligations. RATIOS 2008 % 2009 % 2010 % Quick Ratio 0.39 0.31 0.41 Current Ratio 0.65 0.55 0.66 QUICK RATIO Also shows the same above, but excludes stock, which may be difficult to turn into case is some circumstances. Quick Ratio= Current assets less stock / Current liabilities If the quick ratio of the business is less than 1:1, it signifies that the current assets are less and will not cover its current liabilities. It can be seen from the above table that the entire quick ratio are less than 1:1. Again, retailers have their strong cash flow. They can operate comfortably with acid test ratios of less than 1. Nevertheless, Sainsbury has a remarkable debtor payment period and recovered debts quickly even during the downturn. CURRENT RATIO It shows whether the business can pay debts due within one year from assets that is expected to turn into cash within one year. Current Asset= Current assets/ Current liabilities From the above table it means that Sainsbury has sufficient assets to match their current liabilities. The current ration in 2009 dropped marginally below the companys average. The reason for current assets to decrease is by mostly investing thoroughly in long term ventures or because current liabilities are growing at a faster rate than current assets. Sainsbury used their liquid assets to finance their business through marketing and promotions to make it profitable, hence profitable during the downturn. ACTIVITY RATIOS ANALYSIS Robinson et. al (2009, p.789) stated, Activity ratios are ratios that measure how efficiently a company performs day-to-day tasks, such as the collection of receivables and management of inventory. RATIOS 2008 2009 2010 Fixed Asset Turnover Inventory turnover ratio FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO Fixed assets turnover indicates the sales being generated by the fixed asset base of a company, like ROCE, it is sensitive to the acquisition, age and valuation of fixed assets. Fixed asset turnover = Sales or Turnover / Fixed assets INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO This ratio shows how long it takes for a company to turn its stocks into sales. The shorter the stock days ratio, the lower the cost to the company of holding stock, the value of this ratio is very dependent on the need for the stock and so will vary significantly depending on the nature of a companys business. Inventory turnover ratio = [Stock or inventory / cost of sales] X 365 INVESTMENT RATIOS ANANLYSIS RATIOS 2008 2009 2010 Return on Equity 6.54 5.23 9.51 Earnings Per share 17.4 p 21.2 p 23.9 p RETURN ON EQUITY Return on equity shows how much profit a company earned in comparison to the total amount of shareholder equity found on the balance sheet. For example: profit after taxation and taxation Return on equity= Earnings after tax and preference dividends / Shareholders funds From the above table it seems in the 2009-2010 Sainsburys ROE ratio is very high 9.51 as compare to last year 2008-2009 it was 5.23. This means Sainsburys has earned a good profit and shareholders are willing to invest money in the company and can get better dividend. EARNINGS PER SHARE Earnings per share measures overall profit generated from each share in existence over a particular period. Earnings per share= Earnings after tax and preference dividends / Number of issued ordinary shares. According to the financial statement of Sainsburys the company has issued more shares in all three years 2008 to 2010, that the reason Sainsburys Earnings per share has increased in 2009-2010. The number of shares has increased with the increase in profit. GEARING RATIO RATIO 2008 2009 2010 Gearing ratio 44.62 53.27 48.93 Interest cover 4.75 3.64 6.56 GEARING It shows the debts weight in the capital employed. For example: long term lease agreements involve fixed payments and may be added to both non-current debt and capital employed. Gearing= Long-term debt / Capital employed X 100 From the above table it seem there is increase in gearing ratio from 2008-2009 which means they have many debts to pay. It is difficult to invest money in this year. But, there is decrease in gearing ratio from 2009-2010 which is 4.34 less from last year. So it means it is less risky to invest money this year as Sainsbury do not have many debts to pay. INTEREST COVER This ratios tells us how business can cover the interest payment Interest Cover= Profit before interest and tax / interest charges In the year 2008-2009 the ratio is very reduced which states that Sainsburys do not have sufficient profit to pay interest to its debtor. However, in 2009-2010 the ratio improved which means that Sainsburys earned huge profit and can pay interest to its debtors. LIMITATION OF RATIO ANALYSIS Ratios are very important part in the business. However, there are certain limitations to be aware of: Ratios are only reliable as the data that has been entered. Ratios analysis is calculated from past data and will not help in predicting future. Use of quantitative data- qualitative factors such as skills of the management, rate of change in market and industrial record are also need to b considered. Figures in balance sheet only relate to that day- changes every day and the one chosen on the day may not be typical and thus ratios calculated from that data are not necessarily correct. (http://intranet.bpc.ac.uk/courses/Main/GCE/SfcP/BS/ALevel/limitra.htm) COMPETITORS RATIO ANALYSIS TESCO COMPANY PROFILE Tesco was started by Jack Cohen in 1919. Tesco is biggest food retailer in the world, having 2482 stores in UK and giving employment to more than 472000 people (287669 in UK) who serve millions of customer around the world. Tesco has a largest market in UK, where it operates under signs of Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. Tesco offers more than 40000 products to customers including clothing and other non-food lines. Tesco enjoy a market share of 31% in UK and operates its business in 13 countries across Europe, Asia, and the United States. Tesco main focus is to provide excellent service to all customers (Tesco, 2010). In the 2010, food retailing recorded sales figures of 42.3 billion (Tesco, 2010) RATIO COMPARISON BETWEEN SAINSBURYS AND TESCO RATIOS SAISNBURYS (2010) TESCO (2010) Current Ratio 1.56 2.93 Quick Ratio 0.41 0.56 Interest Cover 6.1 5.7 ROCE(Return On Capital Employed) 10.21 13.06 Operating Margin 3.56 5.17 Dividend Cover 2.12 2.14 Gross Gearing 48.93 90.94 Return on Equity 9.51 12.04 As per the research and study about the different financial ratios of the two food retailing company in United Kingdom. If we compare the current asset of Sainsburys is 1.56 and Tesco is 2.93 which is 1.37 less from Tesco. Sainsbury need to improve its current ratio by increasing its current assets relative to its current liabilities. Sainsburys can recover its current assets by controlling its companys credit and can recover its current liabilities by reducing short-term creditors. If we compare the quick ratio of Sainsburys is 0.41 which is less than 0.14 as we compare it with Tesco quick ratio 0.56. The decline in Sainsburys quick ratio may have resulted from investing in long term activities. Tesco has enough funds to pay off his liabilities. Both Sainsbury and Tesco have strong balance sheet, interest cover for Sainsbury is 6.1 and on the other hand Tesco its 5.7 which is slightly low from Sainsbury. However, Sainsbury appears to be little better. This collateral allows them to borrow at lower rate and generate cash via sale and lease back schemes if they are in a pinch. Tesco coverage ratio has fallen from 10.6 to 5.7 now because of raising debt in a low interest environment. Return on capital employed (ROCE) of Sainsburys is 10.21 and on the other hand Tesco it is 13.06 which is 2.85 high from Sainsburys. There can be couple of reasons for Tesco of its high ROCE: net profit is increasing without an increase in capital employed or sale revenue is increasing without an increase in cost. Sainsbury have to think about some measures to attract more investors. Operating margin of Sainsburys is 3.56 which is less than 1.61 from Tesco 5.17 operating margin. From the above table we see gearing ratio of Sainsbury is 48.93 and on the other hand Tesco it is 90.94, about 42.01 less from Tesco which means from an investor point of view it is risky to invest in the Sainsburys company. From the above table we see Return on equity of Sainsburys is 9.51 and on the other hand Tesco it is 12.04 which is 2.53 high from Sainsburys. It showed that Tesco has earned high profit and shareholders willing to invest more money in the company and can get better dividend paid. QUESTION 2- An analysis and evaluation of the development in the financial markets during the last two years with reference to their effects on your chosen organization. 20% RECESSION is a normal part of a business phase, though, one-time crunch events can cause the onset of a recession. In the global recession of 2008-2009, many large financial institutions bought their attention to the risky investment strategies. As a result Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle; however, one-time crisis events can often trigger the onset of a recession. The global recession of 2008-2009 brought a great amount of attention to the risky investment strategies used by many large  financialinstitutions, along with the truly global nature of the financial sytem. As a result of such a wide-spread global recession, the economies of virtually all the worlds developed and developing nations suffered extreme set-backs and numerous government policies were implemented to help prevent a similar future financial crisis. A recession generally lasts from six to  18 months, and  interest rates  usually fall in during these months to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrow money. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp) Answer Sainsburys works in a highly competitive market. The UK food retailing industry is mainly ruled by four big players- Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury and Morrisons. Together they all control approximately 75% of the UKs market. Market leaders are adopting low cost strategy which is benefited to consumers and increasing demanding. High competition in market makes market leaders to become highly innovative to grow market share by focusing on value, price, advertising and customer satisfaction. Diagram DEVELOPMENT IN THE UKS SUPERMARKET INDUSTRY The supermarket in the UK are no longer controlling themselves to just supplying food products to consumers. In 2008, financial downturn made supermarket industry to spread their risks at a time when food inflation climbed, to diverse into areas such as finance, mobile and broadband markets. This diversification provides opportunities to slowdown sales in food product, as they achieve sales in other areas. In 2008, the supermarket industry recorded  £123 billion in consumer spending a huge difference when compared to  £119.8 billion in 2007. This show clearly to remain competitive their strategies and financial strength were successful during the downturn period. .PESTAL ANALYSIS POLITICAL FACTORS Taxation Policy- rate of corporation tax was decreased by government from 30% to 28%. This means supermarkets profit will be greater by saving substantial amount of money. Government interference- government put his rights of price fixing among major supermarkets which poses a threat as they may have to control prices. ECONOMIC FACTORS Increase in employment- in UK employment figures rise to 164,000 in 2008. Inflation- because of fall in prices of crude oil, inflation rate decreased. Rate of interest- interest were decreased by 2% in 2008, consumer spending were increased. Disposable income- real disposable income can be squeezed as ONS discovered that with earnings growth on a downward trend due to the failing labour market families. This can affect the supermarkets sales. SOCIAL FACTOR Lifestyle changes- people are becoming more health conscious and purchasing healthy foods. During the downturn, people started preparing home cooked meals rather eating out which is expensive due to food inflation. TECHNOLOGY FACTORS Increase in Technology- new technology was adopted to make the service convenient and customer satisfaction which lead to a competitive advantage and increase sales. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Green issues- by using less plastic, recycling wastes and adopting environmental friendly procedures, supermarkets are investing in green issues. Profit are used for this issue but increases sales as more customer demand for environmental friendly products. LEGAL FACTORS Restriction on foreign trade- customer demand for substitutes as goods are becoming more expensive due to imports taxes and tariffs. . EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL MARKET ON SAINSBURY EXCHANGE RATE Weakened sterling caused decrease in the UK exchange rate during 2008-2009. From April 2008 to December 2008, continued decline reaching at 1.0219 GBP which made exported goods cheaper but imported goods were more expensive causing adverse effect on businesses. Sainsburys most food products are imported, with British pound still on Back foot (Coventry 2010), buying products from others countries will be more expensive. This will result in high purchasing costs; ultimately customers have to suffer this. (http://www.economywatch.com/exchange-rate/uk-pound-sterling.html) In 2008, Sainsbury experienced a slow growth when compared to past results. Due to the downturn Sainsbury adapted some measures to increase its profitability in 2009. Some of the changes they made are discussed below. Increase in food inflation, rise in employment and decrease in disposable are the effects of the downturn that made Sainsbury to adapt some changes for a better performance. Household budget were under burden from the effect of the downturn. Sainsbury had to reduce the cost of basic products which customer faced as the biggest squeeze of income in 50 years. To improve layout, increase space, future hedge with suppliers and reduce unnecessary cost, marketing strategy need to be shifted to focus more on cost as well as adjust value chain. As customers were demanding low cost products, Sainsbury adjusted according to demand. Interest rate and CPI annual inflation rate decreased and standard of living changes are also the effects of downturn. Due to decreased interest and CPI inflation rate it benefited Sainsbury as more customers were able to take advantage of lower borrowing. Sainsbury took advantage of this by reducing prices and strengthened marketing of their cheaper own label products. People living of standard changes as the economy dipped, more people decided to make home cooked meals just to reduce the cost attached to eating out. Penny pinched consumer were dependant on Sainsbury to provide low cost vegetables and meats. Competitive rivalry and customer reliability caused Sainsbury to focus more on price, value and advertising while strengthened excellent customer service. Sainsbury annual report (2009) specified that a clear strategy was developed to focus on five areas: Great product at fair prices Additional marketing channels to reach more customers Increase growth of non-foods items Increase space and property management QUESTION 3- What if analysis of the possible financial performance that might have existed had the downturn not occurred. 30% Sainsburys always been challenging to adopt any changes in the market. The condition of the Sainsburys was not bad during the recession period but there were some changes that Sainsbury need to adopt so as to remain competitive. Lets make out what will be the condition of Sainsburys what if there was no financial downturn. Exchange rate would not have decreased which made import goods cheap and export goods expensive. Buying products from other countries would be cheap and because of the high prices of products customer will not be suffered. Decrease in food inflation would not have affected family budget plan which were in downturn period. Basic products were being available at low cost and customers dont have to shift their standard of living as they no more will be dependent on the home cooked products. Sainsburys made a lot of profit during the recession period, if there was no recession Sainsbury would have earned more profit. As the Sainsburys policies are so strong during its recession time they were earning huge profits. So Sainsbury should not change its policy so as to earn more profit because customer are willing to pay high prices for the quality products. As of financial crises Sainsburys manpower were decreased and less people were willing to more work than what was expected on less salaries. If there were no recession then things would have been different, employees would be getting sufficient salary and would have been willing to give best performance. Recruitment opportunity would be more to recruit new employees in the organisation. Due to the competition in the market it leads Sainsbury to focus more on prices and value strengthening excellent services. Sainsburys made some measures to remain competitive. If there were no financial downturn then customers would not have to pay high prices for the products. If there were no downturn then Sainsburys dont have to improve its layout, increase space, future hedge with suppliers and reduce unnecessary cost. Marketing strategy need not to be shifted to focus more on cost instead of giving better services or high quality products to customers. CONCLUSION If we compare the financial performance of Sainsburys from the year 2008 to 2010, we can say it is rising as a company. Sainsburys is earning huge profit every year. There are increasing the share in the market and market is interested in investing the money. There are many improvements that need to be considered if we compare the data from the year 2008 to 2010. Though, if we compare the financial performances of the Sainsburys and Tesco it can be said that Sainsburys are still far behind Tesco. The ratio figures of Tesco states that Sainsburys still need to do strong planning so as reach near Tesco. In the competitive market, investors have a choice of investment.

Comparing Existentialist Values in The Metamorphosis and The Stranger (The Outsider) :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Metamorphosis and The Stranger - Existentialist Values Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus' The Stranger, both feature protagonists in situations out of which arise existentialist values. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts . In The Metamorphosis the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, realizes his existentialism towards the end of the novella. In contrast, Monsieur Meursault, the protagonist in The Stranger, knows of his existentialism, only realizing his life's lack of meaning moments after he is sentenced to death. Despite the somewhat absurd nature of The Metamorphosis, and the realistic nature of The Stranger, similar values are communicated to the reader. The easiest to pick out being that it is up to the individual to create his/her own life, and that the inhuman behaviour presented by both protagonists will eventually lead to very bad things; namely death in both novellas. These deaths are, however, very different, as are the methods through which Kafka and Camus have made each novel nothing but `a philosophy put into images' . Meursault (the narrator) in The Stranger only sees and only wants to see the absolute truth in society. The readers first encounter with him... Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don't know. I got a telegram from the home: "Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours." That doesn't mean Anything. Maybe it was yesterday . ...immediately gives an impression of a lack of emotion towards the demise of his mother. This lack of emotion highlights the existentialist ideal that we all die, so it doesn't matter what life we have while we are alive. We simply exist, as did Meursault. It becomes apparent, as the novella unfolds, that Meursault has acquired an animal like indifference towards society. His interactions with his neighbour Raymond are an example of his indifferences. It never dawns upon Meursault that society does not condone his interactions with the pimp, avoided by his community. Meursault simply acts to fill his time. Being a single man, he has a lot of time to fill, and finds the weekends passing particularly slowly.

Should Wizard Hit Mommy

SHOULD WIZARD HIT MOMMY MORAL ISSUE John Updike’s story Should Wizard Hit Mommy’ raises a very pertinent and a profound issue. Should parents have the prerogative to always decide what is best for their children? And are children supposed to listen to and obey their parents unquestioningly? Roger Skunk, though an obedient child, is a sad and a depressed one. His awful smell keeps others away and he has no friends. When the Wizard fulfils his wish and Roger Skunk gets the rose smell, he is thrilled.All the other creatures love the smell and play with Roger Skunk. However Roger Skunk’s mother is not happy. She wants her son to get back his original smell. Roger Skunk accepts his mother’s dictate and slowly the other creatures get used to his smell. Jack, who brings this twist in the story, does so to expose Jo to the harsh realities of life. But Jo insists that Wizard should hit mommy, for making the Wizard give Roger Skunk back his bad smell. Jack is adaman t in his refusal to change the ending of the story.He maintains that mothers are always right and that they know best. John Updike thus raises a very relevant question. Are parents always justified in enforcing their views upon their children in an attempt to teach their children what is right and what is wrong. Parents have experience and knowledge on their side whereas children view everything with their heart and want all to be happy and joyous. Parents need to guide their kids but they should also have the patience to respect and consider their children’s viewpoint. MIDDLE POSITIONJOHN UPDIKE in his story Should Wizard Hit Mommy’ portrays Jack as a new age father and a husband. In departure from the past, Jack does try to contribute his bit in helping his wife and look after the kids. It is Jack’s duty to put their four year old daughter to sleep in the evenings by telling her a story. Jack has been doing so for all these years. But now as Jo is growing olde r this chore has become an ordeal for Jack. Jo no longer falls asleep easily. She is an inquisitive child who has her queries and doubts about everything.Jack has little patience for her questions. Jack who is desperately trying to put Jo to sleep also needs to help his wife. His wife, Clare, who is pregnant, is painting the woodwork downstairs. Jack needs to help Clare as she should not be moving heavy furniture. Jack fails miserably on both the fronts. He is neither able to put Jo to sleep nor is he able to help his wife. Jack feels totally miserable and helpless. The monotony and drudgery of married life disturbs and disheartens him.He feels trapped in the cage of matrimony with so many duties and demands, which he is unable to meet and fulfil. Jack tries to be hands on father and a helpful husband. Yet the traces of chauvinism and superiority are clearly visible. He does not like being contradicted by his daughter. He wants women hanging on to his words and not question him. Thu s Jack does seem to be caught in a difficult middle position. He is angry and absolutely frustrated at his inability to do the right thing.

Theory of Scaffolding Essays

Theory of Scaffolding Essays Theory of Scaffolding Essay Theory of Scaffolding Essay Theory of Scaffolding Literature around Scaffolding: There have been several discussions around scaffolding, in an attempt to define what it means for education. At the early stages of the theory of scaffolding, Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) explain the importance of the interactive, instructional relationship that tutors/teachershave in a learners development, supporting that the attendance of others is significant for scaffolding skills acquisition and problem solving. They also emphasize on the importance for realizing the value of a solution to generate the equence of steps that will lead to the solution of the problem, without scaffolding by an adult. As argued, this realization will result in effective feedback, as the learner will be able to value every step towards the solution, and therefore, in order for scaffolding to be effective the learner needs to generate solutions to the problem that are identifiable to them (Wood, Bruner, and Ross, 1976). However, in this scaffolding process, the tutor does not necessarily need to be a human; it can be a virtual, non- player character (NPC) as well. In this project, the scaffolding process takes place in the virtual environment of Quest Atlantis, where learners embark on a mission to resolve a problem, part of which requires the decryption of Mayan signs, and interpretation of them in English. The facilitators in this case are the NPCs that learners/players come across during their mission. A rich experience is what a leaner needs to develop to a knowledgeable individual, and the impact of the surrounding environment and the scaffolds in it are important for learning. Wgotsky (1978) has proposed that the learner needs to be scaffolded in rder to acquire all the skills that would have been difficult to acquire independently. The Wgotskian theoretical perspective holds that learners, and especially children can perform more challenging tasks when assisted, and that they can reach a high level of development (Zone of Proximal Development). According to Wgotsky, there are two aspects of learning development; the actual development and the potential development (Ugotsky, 1978). The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the distance between the actual development level, as determined by independent roblem solving and the level of potential development, as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 86). Further, based on Wgotskys theory, the ZPD can also be defined as the area between what the learners can achieve by themselves, and what they can attain with the help of more knowledgeable individuals (Video 1). Therefore, meaningful learning is being enhanced in the learners ZPD, with the use of all the available scaffolds afforded by the surrounding environment. Scaffolds in the case of he virtual geocaching project are considered to be the mission page, NPCs, boxes with information, scrolls with information, translation tool, etc. Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding Video 1: A video about the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding, describing Pea, in his commentary paper (2004, p. 31) discussed the role of fading in the scaffolding process, characterizing it as intrinsic to the scaffolding process. A scaffold used for the learner must be gradually removed during the learning process, until it is completely gone, and when the learner has reached the learning goal Collins, Brown, Newman, 1989). It is argued that, if the learning help is not being gradually removed, then the process is not called scaffolding anymore, but distributed intelligence, namely, intelligence that is a collective product, and where the individual does not internalize learning (Pea, 2004). Over time, there have been numerous software tools created to scaffold meaningful learning experiences, in and out of schools. Scaffolding is an inherent characteristic of games, either in virtual or in physical life. In the case of computer games, the scaffolds for performing a task are rovided to the player/learner in the virtual context, enhancing active participation. This project aims at exploring the potentials of scaffolding such rich experiences with the use of virtual tools. According to the sociocultural theoretical perspective, children must have time to practice roles and behaviors through play. Therefore, it treats the several gaming tasks and virtual tools as scaffolds for learning development. In a similar vein, Wgotsky argued that game play in general can offer scaffolding-rich experiences, as well as opportunities for a player to act a head above himself (Ugotsky, 1978, p. 4) extending their abilities in ways that would not be possible without play (Video 2). Fantasy play and learning- A Wgotskian approach Video 2: A Wgotskian approach to fantasy play and learning. The video provides a definition of scaffolding, describes the Zone of Proximal Development, as well as some practical perspectives on game play. Videogames, expertly craft ways of scaffolding support through what Gee (2003, p. 138) calls the explicit information on-demand and Just-in-time principle. Computer games host contexts that frame problems, or aspects of problems and learners ecome engaged in those situations, to form their understanding and contribute to a solution. In this case, learners use scaffolds in the frames of a situation, in a context (whether it is real or virtual) to make meaning of a situation, transfer learning across multiple gaming situations as well as real-life situations, participate actively to make a change in the context, and ultimately enhance learning effectively (Lave, 1988). In such gaming environments, transformational play unfolds around the notion of reflexive action (Barab et al. , 2009) where player must take the consequences of their ctions and choices in consideration. However, this consideration takes place in a context where the outcomes of choices do not affect players/learners in any way apart for their game play. Scaffolding Definition as given in a class about Designing Learning in Context: explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to be able to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results while maintaining the learners substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Task=Success). Implicit in the definition is that once the learner acquires the explicit and/or implicit knowledge the scaffold is o longer scaffolding. If the learner only acquires part of the knowledge associated with the scaffold, but still needs the scaffold in some different form or level, the process of changing the scaffold to the changing learner knowledge level is called fading. Implicit in the definition is that something is scaffolding only when engaged during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes learning of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect of the activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to every caffold at any give time. If scaffolding is not promoting any learning and still compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it is not scaffolding rather it is a permanent knowledge crutch. A permanent crutch undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn because the learner can successfully engage the activity with the permanent crutch. Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implicit nowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a temporary knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to learn in other areas of the activity. My approach to scaffolding: In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I perceive it, after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talked about scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured thr ough my constant online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learning in Context: Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from the supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an expert source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the process of completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a plan/ strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by the expert source, as well as a plan/strategy for gradually removing the scaffold (fading), when the situation affords it. [1] A scaffold is one in the set of scaffolding and compensates for one aspect of a earners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge that enables the learner to successfully engage the activity with acceptable results. f required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect o e TeamView activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to ev compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it undermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn be Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learn ers lack of explicit a knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a tem knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity to In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I percei after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that talk scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my consta online and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learni supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an ex source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the proc completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pla strategy followed (scaffolding is intentional, and not a random process) by th noAK_noqep Pa3pe naponb HeKOH- @ 3any npVlE ngu Ox 1Aap substantive involvement. (Learner+Scafold+Tasesuccess). Implicit in the definition is during the activity, not only before or only after. Scaffolding also promotes lea of required and unknown explicit and/or implicit knowledge of some aspect e TeamViev activity, but not necessarily learning of all aspects of knowledge related to e compensating for learners lack of explicit and/or implicit knowledge, then it i ndermines all activity related learning because there is no need to learn b Individual scaffolds can completely compensate for learners lack of explicit implicit knowledge, without promoting learning if the explicit and/or implici knowledge related to other scaffolds are being learned. This is called a te knowledge crutch. A temporary crutch allows the learner the opportunity t In this section I am providing my personal definition of scaffolding, as I per after intense thinking, and after a lot influence by several theorists that tal scaffolding. This definition has derived from and matured through my cons nline and in-class discussions in the frames of a class on Designing Learn Scaffolding is a process through which an individual/learner moves from th supported to the independent level of learning. In this process there is an e source that provides help/support to the learner, while engaging in the pro completing an activity. Throughout the scaffolding process there is also a pl Scenario Figure 1. Barn and Silos Third grade students in Mrs. Maddoxs class have been studying about different types of communities for the past two weeks. Throughout this study, students have ocused on distinguishing between rural, urban and suburban communities. Living in a rural community, students are familiar with large expanses of land, farms, considerable distances between houses, and lack of malls, skyscrapers and entertainment venues. In contrast with that, the students took a field trip to downtown Atlanta to experience tall buildings, public transportation, commuters, super highways, extensive shopping, sports arenas and fine arts venues. Through this trip, they came to have a better understanding of an urban community. Between the school and downtown Atlanta, students were exposed to suburban communities s the bus took them through a neighborhood and a community outside the perimeter. Students experienced rows of houses, commuters, strip malls, eating establishments, churches and parks. The students were better able to apply the knowledge of their classroom activities to the field trip and could easily determine the differences between each type of community. Figure 2. City and Tall Buildings As a culminating activity for this study on types of communities, the students are going to prepare some type of individually selected project demonstrating their knowledge of urban, suburban and rural communities. Mrs. Maddox makes suggestions as to the types of projects students might consider. Some choose to write and illustrate a book, others write and perform a play, and still others film a video each community. Patrick, the computer whiz of the class, decides to prepare a PowerPoint presentation which will incorporate digital pictures taken on the field trip and of the rural areas surrounding the school community. He has successfully written the text for his slides but has been unable to insert the digital pictures from his disk. Mrs. Maddox notices that Patrick is experiencing frustration with his inability o insert the pictures. She approaches to offer help, not to complete the task for Patrick, but rather to provide support and to help him achieve his objective on his Figure 3. Computer Mrs. Maddox thinks aloud as she offers help: Lets see. I want to insert a picture into the slide from the disk. I need to go to the toolbar at the top and select insert since thats what I want to do. And since its a picture that I want to insert, Ill select picture. Now I have to tell the computer where to find the picture I want. Since the picture is on a disk, Ill select from file. Then Ill click insert and viola My picture is there. Now all I have to do is save it. As Mrs. Maddox talks through the steps, Patrick carefully follows her prompts and completes each step. He beams as he sees the selected picture on his slide. Mrs. Maddox then teaches Patrick a chant she has composed that will assist him with the steps: In-sert a picture from a file; locate the file and se-lect the pic; click to in-sert and save it, quick! She watches as Patrick goes through the steps, questioning him with leading questions when he hesitates, and listens while he quietly says the chant to himself to perform the task. Again, he beams with excitement as the slide displays the selected picture. Mrs. Maddox moves away from the computer and allows Patrick to insert the next picture on his own. Seeing that he is successful, she moves on to assist another student. Later, when another student, Melissa, needs assistance with inserting a picture to a PowerPoint slide, Mrs. Maddox asks Patrick to be a peer tutor to her. He further expands his learning by explaining the steps to Melissa and by teaching her the same chant he used to complete the steps to insert a picture in the PowerPoint slide. Through her support and facilitation, Mrs. Maddox helped Patrick master a skill and achieve independence through carefully designed instruction called scaffolding. This process of scaffolding is much like the traditional definition of scaffolding as a temporary support system used until the task is complete and the building stands without support. Such is the concept of scaffolding. Immediate support is given to students in order to help them achieve skill or task independence. This assistance is a temporary framework provided by the teacher or a more knowledgeable person to ssist students in performing a task they otherwise cannot accomplish without assistance. Support is provided to the learner and then gradually removed so that the student can become a self-regulated, independent learner. Although the teacher assumes much of the control during scaffolded instruction, the ultimate goal of instruction is covert, independent self-regulatory learning (Ellis et al. 1994). Caption: In this animation, each box represents scaffolding provided by the teacher, and with each activity the level of learning goes up. The first box represents verbalizing